{"id":3424,"date":"2010-07-07T12:21:56","date_gmt":"2010-07-07T16:21:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/charityandsecurity.org\/?p=3424"},"modified":"2019-10-17T13:28:23","modified_gmt":"2019-10-17T17:28:23","slug":"material_support_law","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/charityandsecurity.org\/analysis\/material_support_law\/","title":{"rendered":"Background: Material Support and the Need for NGO Access to Civilians in Need"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p>Laws that prohibit &#8220;material support&#8221; to listed terrorist organizations only exempt religious materials and medicine. That means medical services or non-medicinal necessities such as clean water are prohibited, as are tents, blankets, food and more.\u00a0In other words, it is legal to give someone a pill, but illegal to provide clean water for swallowing it. There is no justification for this ongoing blockade of humanitarian aid.<\/p>\n<\/div><ul style=\"--awb-line-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-width:27.2px;--awb-icon-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-margin:11.2px;--awb-content-margin:38.4px;\" class=\"fusion-checklist fusion-checklist-1 fusion-checklist-default type-icons\"><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><a href=\"#The_Problem\"><b>The Problem<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><a href=\"#The_Solution\"><b>The Solution<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><b><a href=\"#Statutory_Background\">Statutory Background<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" id=\"The_Problem\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:22;--minFontSize:22;line-height:1.4;\"><b>The Problem<\/b><\/h4><span class=\"awb-title-spacer\"><\/span><div class=\"title-sep-container\"><div class=\"title-sep sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"border-color:#6b6b8b;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><p>Laws that prohibit &#8220;material support&#8221; to listed terrorist organizations only exempt religious materials and medicine, even when some form of contact or coordination with the listed group is necessary to reach non-combatants in need. That means that in conflict zones or natural disaster areas where listed groups are active medical services or non-medicinal necessities such as clean water, tents, blankets, food and more can be prohibited.<\/p>\n<p>To make a bad situation worse, in June 2010 the Supreme Court upheld application of this ban to conflict mediation and peacebuilding activities aimed at turning terrorist groups away from violence.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-2 fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" id=\"The_Solution\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:22;--minFontSize:22;line-height:1.4;\"><b>The Solution<\/b><\/h4><span class=\"awb-title-spacer\"><\/span><div class=\"title-sep-container\"><div class=\"title-sep sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"border-color:#6b6b8b;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><p><i>It doesn&#8217;t have to be this way.<\/i>\u00a0U.S. charities, grantmakers and others are working for a sensible humanitarian exemption that would protect people in need, open the door to nonviolent resolution of conflicts, and protect national security.<\/p>\n<p>Our proposal would change the policy to allow nonviolent conflict resolution services (such as peacebuilding programs and legal representation) and humanitarian aid and when such aid:<\/p>\n<\/div><ul style=\"--awb-line-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-width:27.2px;--awb-icon-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-margin:11.2px;--awb-content-margin:38.4px;\" class=\"fusion-checklist fusion-checklist-2 fusion-checklist-default type-icons\"><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p>is conducted in accordance with long-accepted standards of charitable practice, such as the Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief\u00a0and the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.icnl.org\/research\/resources\/foreignfund\/principles.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><i>P<\/i><\/a><i><a href=\"http:\/\/www.icnl.org\/research\/resources\/foreignfund\/principles.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">rinciples of International Charity<\/a><\/i><a href=\"http:\/\/www.charityandsecurity.org\/analysis\/material_support_law#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p>is provided only to noncombatants in need, with priority to the most vulnerable, and<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p>when contact, communications and logistical arrangements with a listed organization cannot reasonably be avoided<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><p>\u201cHumanitarian aid\u201d means any of the following types of aid, which are already protected under the Geneva Conventions:<\/p>\n<\/div><ul style=\"--awb-line-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-width:27.2px;--awb-icon-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-margin:11.2px;--awb-content-margin:38.4px;\" class=\"fusion-checklist fusion-checklist-3 fusion-checklist-default type-icons\"><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p>Care of the wounded and sick, including the provision of medical services and hospital stores,<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p>Supplies essential to survival, such as foodstuffs, water, clothing, shelter and sanitation services, including repair and restoration of infrastructure necessary for delivery<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p>Objects necessary for religious worship<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p>Facilitation of strictly personal communications between family members<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p>Goods and services for the maintenance and education of children under the age of 15<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p>Communications regarding security and logistics necessary to provide any of the materials described in this subsection.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><p>Under our proposal no license would be required for an organization to provide humanitarian aid but any organization providing such aid would be required to notify the Attorney General and Secretary of State that it is doing so.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-3 fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" id=\"Statutory_Background\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:22;--minFontSize:22;line-height:1.4;\"><b>Statutory Background<\/b><\/h4><span class=\"awb-title-spacer\"><\/span><div class=\"title-sep-container\"><div class=\"title-sep sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"border-color:#6b6b8b;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\"><p>Two federal laws and Executive Order (EO) 13224 bar anyone, including charities and foundations, from engaging in transactions with terrorist organizations.\u00a0This includes humanitarian aid, conflict resolution programs, and other nonviolent activities.\u00a0Providing material support to designated terrorist organizations is prohibited by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA), which was enacted in 1996 and later amended by the USA PATRIOT Act in 2001 and 2004.<a id=\"_ftnref4\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>\u00a0AEDPA authorizes the Secretary of State to designate &#8220;foreign terrorist organizations&#8221;<a id=\"_ftnref5\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>\u00a0and makes it a crime for any person or organization to knowingly provide, attempt, or conspire to provide &#8220;material support or resources&#8221; to a designated entity, regardless of the character or intent of the support provided.<a id=\"_ftnref6\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>AEDPA defines &#8220;material support or resources&#8221; as:<\/p>\n<p>any property, tangible or intangible, or service, including currency or monetary instruments or financial securities, financial services, lodging, training, expert advice or assistance, safe houses, false documentation or identification, communications equipment, facilities, weapons, lethal substances, explosives, personnel (1 or more individuals who may be or include oneself), and transportation \u2026.<a id=\"_ftnref7\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Each term within the definition is then further defined within the statute.\u00a0The only exceptions to &#8220;material support or resources&#8221; are for medical and religious materials, which may be given to a foreign terrorist organization in unlimited amounts.<a id=\"_ftnref8\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Under ADEPA, all support is presumed to further a designated organization\u2019s terrorist operations, regardless of whether that support furthers its nonviolent operations.\u00a0The Secretary of State and Attorney General may approve exceptions for aid in the form of &#8220;training,&#8221; &#8220;personnel,&#8221; and &#8220;expert advice or assistance&#8221; where the Secretary determines that the aid may not be used to carry out terrorist activity (exceptions are not permitted for humanitarian aid such as food, water, etc.).<a id=\"_ftnref9\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;border-color:#e0dede;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><ul style=\"--awb-line-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-width:27.2px;--awb-icon-height:27.2px;--awb-icon-margin:11.2px;--awb-content-margin:38.4px;\" class=\"fusion-checklist fusion-checklist-4 fusion-checklist-default type-icons\"><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><a id=\"_ftn1\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>\u00a0i.e.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/eng\/resources\/documents\/article\/other\/code-of-conduct-290296.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/eng\/resources\/documents\/article\/other\/code-of-conduct-290296.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><a id=\"_ftn2\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/eng\/resources\/documents\/article\/other\/code-of-conduct-290296.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/eng\/resources\/documents\/article\/other\/code-of-conduct-290296.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><a id=\"_ftn3\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a>\u00a0Treasury Guidelines Working Group March 2005 online at\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.icnl.org\/research\/resources\/foreignfund\/principles.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http:\/\/www.icnl.org\/research\/resources\/foreignfund\/principles.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><a id=\"_ftn4\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.abanet.org\/natsecurity\/patriotdebates\/material-support\">http:\/\/www.abanet.org\/natsecurity\/patriotdebates\/material-support<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><a id=\"_ftn5\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.state.gov\/s\/ct\/rls\/fs\/37191.htm\">http:\/\/www.state.gov\/s\/ct\/rls\/fs\/37191.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><a id=\"_ftn6\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a>\u00a0Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, 104 Public Law 13.\u00a0See material support provision at 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 2339A(b)(1).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><a id=\"_ftn7\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a>\u00a018 U.S.C. 2339A(b)(1).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><a id=\"_ftn8\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a>\u00a0Bill of Rights Defense Committee, &#8220;Constitutional Implications of Statutes Penalizing Material Support to Terrorist Organizations,&#8221; Testimony of David Cole, U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, May 5, 2004.\u00a0Available at:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bordc.org\/resources\/cole-materialsupport.php\">http:\/\/www.bordc.org\/resources\/cole-materialsupport.php<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-no\"><i class=\"fusion-li-icon awb-icon-check\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><a id=\"_ftn9\" title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a>\u00a018 U.S.C. 2339B(j).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[32,45],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Background: Material Support and the Need for NGO Access to Civilians in Need - Charity &amp; Security Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/charityandsecurity.org\/analysis\/material_support_law\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Background: Material Support and the Need for NGO Access to Civilians in 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